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furnace/doc/7-systems/ay8910.md
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General Instrument AY-3-8910

this chip was used in many home computers (ZX Spectrum, MSX, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, etc.), video game consoles (Intellivision and Vectrex), arcade boards and even slot machines!

it is a 3-channel square/noise/envelope sound generator. the chip's powerful sound comes from the envelope...

the AY-3-8914 variant was used in Intellivision, which is pretty much an AY with 4 level envelope volume per channel and different register format.

as of Furnace 0.6pre7, AY-3-8910 supports software sample playback, where all 3 channels can play 4-bit PCM samples (at the cost of a very high CPU usage)

effects

  • 20xx: set channel mode.
    • 0: square
    • 1: noise
    • 2: square and noise
    • 3: envelope
    • 4: envelope and square
    • 5: envelope and noise
    • 6: envelope and square and noise
    • 7: nothing
  • 21xx: set noise frequency. range is 0 to 1F.
  • 22xy: set envelope mode.
    • x sets the envelope shape:
      • 0: \___ decay
      • 4: /___ attack once
      • 8: \\\\ saw
      • 9: \___ decay
      • A: \/\/ inverse obelisco
      • B: \¯¯¯ decay once
      • C: //// inverse saw
      • D: /¯¯¯ attack
      • E: /\/\ obelisco
      • F: /___ attack once
    • if y is 1 then the envelope will affect this channel.
  • 23xx: set envelope period low byte.
  • 24xx: set envelope period high byte.
  • 25xx: slide envelope period up.
  • 26xx: slide envelope period down.
  • 29xy: enable auto-envelope mode.
    • in this mode the envelope period is set to the channel's notes, multiplied by a fraction.
    • x is the numerator.
    • y is the denominator.
    • if x or y are 0 this will disable auto-envelope mode.
  • 2Exx: write to I/O port A.
    • this changes the port's mode to "write". make sure you have connected something to it.
  • 2Fxx: write to I/O port B.
    • this changes the port's mode to "write". make sure you have connected something to it.

chip config

AY derivative modes

AY-3-810 was an absurdly popular chip that was blessed with many third-party clones, licensed or not.

  • the AY-3-8914 variant was used in Intellivision, which is pretty much an 8910 with 4 level envelope volume per channel and different register format.
  • Yamaha YM2149 was an AY-3-8910 clone released in 1983. it's almost identical to AY with minor differences being: higher hardware envelope step resolution (16 vs 32), half-clock mode when voltage level is low, much stronger DC offset and cleaner, but softer output.
  • Sunsoft 5B is YM2149 clone with half-clock mode forced on.