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<!-- This manual is for FFTW
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(version 3.3.10, 10 December 2020).
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Copyright (C) 2003 Matteo Frigo.
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Copyright (C) 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
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manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
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preserved on all copies.
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Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
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manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
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entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
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permission notice identical to this one.
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
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<title>1d Real-even DFTs (DCTs) (FFTW 3.3.10)</title>
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<meta name="description" content="1d Real-even DFTs (DCTs) (FFTW 3.3.10)">
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<link href="index.html" rel="start" title="Top">
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<link href="Concept-Index.html" rel="index" title="Concept Index">
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<link href="index.html#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
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<link href="What-FFTW-Really-Computes.html" rel="up" title="What FFTW Really Computes">
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<link href="1d-Real_002dodd-DFTs-_0028DSTs_0029.html" rel="next" title="1d Real-odd DFTs (DSTs)">
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<link href="The-1d-Real_002ddata-DFT.html" rel="prev" title="The 1d Real-data DFT">
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</head>
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<span id="g_t1d-Real_002deven-DFTs-_0028DCTs_0029"></span><div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="1d-Real_002dodd-DFTs-_0028DSTs_0029.html" accesskey="n" rel="next">1d Real-odd DFTs (DSTs)</a>, Previous: <a href="The-1d-Real_002ddata-DFT.html" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The 1d Real-data DFT</a>, Up: <a href="What-FFTW-Really-Computes.html" accesskey="u" rel="up">What FFTW Really Computes</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Concept-Index.html" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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<hr>
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<span id="g_t1d-Real_002deven-DFTs-_0028DCTs_0029-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.8.3 1d Real-even DFTs (DCTs)</h4>
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<p>The Real-even symmetry DFTs in FFTW are exactly equivalent to the unnormalized
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forward (and backward) DFTs as defined above, where the input array
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<em>X</em> of length <em>N</em> is purely real and is also <em>even</em> symmetry. In
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this case, the output array is likewise real and even symmetry.
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<span id="index-real_002deven-DFT-1"></span>
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<span id="index-REDFT-1"></span>
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</p>
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<span id="index-REDFT00"></span>
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<p>For the case of <code>REDFT00</code>, this even symmetry means that
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<i>X<sub>j</sub> = X<sub>N-j</sub></i>,
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where we take <em>X</em> to be periodic so that
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<i>X<sub>N</sub> = X</i><sub>0</sub>.
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Because of this redundancy, only the first <em>n</em> real numbers are
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actually stored, where <em>N = 2(n-1)</em>.
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</p>
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<p>The proper definition of even symmetry for <code>REDFT10</code>,
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<code>REDFT01</code>, and <code>REDFT11</code> transforms is somewhat more intricate
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because of the shifts by <em>1/2</em> of the input and/or output, although
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the corresponding boundary conditions are given in <a href="Real-even_002fodd-DFTs-_0028cosine_002fsine-transforms_0029.html">Real even/odd DFTs (cosine/sine transforms)</a>. Because of the even symmetry, however,
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the sine terms in the DFT all cancel and the remaining cosine terms are
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written explicitly below. This formulation often leads people to call
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such a transform a <em>discrete cosine transform</em> (DCT), although it is
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really just a special case of the DFT.
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<span id="index-discrete-cosine-transform-2"></span>
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<span id="index-DCT-2"></span>
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</p>
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<p>In each of the definitions below, we transform a real array <em>X</em> of
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length <em>n</em> to a real array <em>Y</em> of length <em>n</em>:
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</p>
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<span id="REDFT00-_0028DCT_002dI_0029"></span><h4 class="subsubheading">REDFT00 (DCT-I)</h4>
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<span id="index-REDFT00-1"></span>
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<p>An <code>REDFT00</code> transform (type-I DCT) in FFTW is defined by:
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<center><img src="equation-redft00.png" align="top">.</center>
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Note that this transform is not defined for <em>n=1</em>. For <em>n=2</em>,
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the summation term above is dropped as you might expect.
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</p>
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<span id="REDFT10-_0028DCT_002dII_0029"></span><h4 class="subsubheading">REDFT10 (DCT-II)</h4>
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<span id="index-REDFT10"></span>
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<p>An <code>REDFT10</code> transform (type-II DCT, sometimes called “the” DCT) in FFTW is defined by:
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<center><img src="equation-redft10.png" align="top">.</center>
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</p>
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<span id="REDFT01-_0028DCT_002dIII_0029"></span><h4 class="subsubheading">REDFT01 (DCT-III)</h4>
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<span id="index-REDFT01"></span>
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<p>An <code>REDFT01</code> transform (type-III DCT) in FFTW is defined by:
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<center><img src="equation-redft01.png" align="top">.</center>
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In the case of <em>n=1</em>, this reduces to
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<i>Y</i><sub>0</sub> = <i>X</i><sub>0</sub>.
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Up to a scale factor (see below), this is the inverse of <code>REDFT10</code> (“the” DCT), and so the <code>REDFT01</code> (DCT-III) is sometimes called the “IDCT”.
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<span id="index-IDCT-3"></span>
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</p>
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<span id="REDFT11-_0028DCT_002dIV_0029"></span><h4 class="subsubheading">REDFT11 (DCT-IV)</h4>
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<span id="index-REDFT11"></span>
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<p>An <code>REDFT11</code> transform (type-IV DCT) in FFTW is defined by:
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<center><img src="equation-redft11.png" align="top">.</center>
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</p>
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<span id="Inverses-and-Normalization"></span><h4 class="subsubheading">Inverses and Normalization</h4>
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<p>These definitions correspond directly to the unnormalized DFTs used
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elsewhere in FFTW (hence the factors of <em>2</em> in front of the
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summations). The unnormalized inverse of <code>REDFT00</code> is
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<code>REDFT00</code>, of <code>REDFT10</code> is <code>REDFT01</code> and vice versa, and
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of <code>REDFT11</code> is <code>REDFT11</code>. Each unnormalized inverse results
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in the original array multiplied by <em>N</em>, where <em>N</em> is the
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<em>logical</em> DFT size. For <code>REDFT00</code>, <em>N=2(n-1)</em> (note that
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<em>n=1</em> is not defined); otherwise, <em>N=2n</em>.
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<span id="index-normalization-10"></span>
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</p>
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<p>In defining the discrete cosine transform, some authors also include
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additional factors of
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√2
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(or its inverse) multiplying selected inputs and/or outputs. This is a
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mostly cosmetic change that makes the transform orthogonal, but
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sacrifices the direct equivalence to a symmetric DFT.
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</p>
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<hr>
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<div class="header">
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<p>
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Next: <a href="1d-Real_002dodd-DFTs-_0028DSTs_0029.html" accesskey="n" rel="next">1d Real-odd DFTs (DSTs)</a>, Previous: <a href="The-1d-Real_002ddata-DFT.html" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The 1d Real-data DFT</a>, Up: <a href="What-FFTW-Really-Computes.html" accesskey="u" rel="up">What FFTW Really Computes</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Concept-Index.html" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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